No unexpected customs fees when shipping to the USA.

The landed cost describes the total amount incurred when importing goods into the USA. This includes the value of the goods, transportation and insurance costs, any applicable customs duties, processing fees, and any import taxes levied by individual federal agencies.

• Basis for assessing the value of goods (Customs Value): In the USA, the assessment is generally carried out according to the Transaction Value – that is, the actual price paid or payable for the goods. Transportation and insurance costs up to the US port of entry are included. The distinction between FOB and CIF plays a less significant role in the US system than in China; what matters is which costs are included in the purchase agreement and which are itemized separately.

• No more de minimis threshold for small commercial consignments: Until 2025, goods with a value of up to USD 800 could be imported duty-free and tax-free under the de minimis rule (Section 321), using a simplified procedure. This exemption was phased out starting in 2025.

  • first for shipments from China and Hong Kong

  • then from the end of August 2025 for almost all small commercial shipments, regardless of the country of origin.

  In practice this means:

  • Every commercial shipment must now be declared through a regular customs procedure.

  • Customs duties and possibly other fees will apply – even for goods of low value.

  Any exceptions (e.g., small gift packages for private individuals) play a subordinate role in the B2B and e-commerce context.

Customs duties, fees and taxes
Landed costs in the USA now typically consist of the following components:

1. Transaction Value
   Price of the goods including relevant additional costs as per the purchase agreement.

2. Freight and insurance costs
   Transportation and insurance costs up to the US point of entry, insofar as they are to be taken into account in the customs valuation.

3. Customs duties according to HTS (Harmonized Tariff Schedule)

   • Customs duties vary greatly depending on the product group and origin.

   • In the B2C/e-commerce environment, they often range from approximately 0% to 20%.

4. MPF/HMF and other fees

   • Merchandise Processing Fee (MPF) in the case of formal imports

   • Harbor Maintenance Fee (HMF) in sea freight

   • Additional processing fees may apply, charged by the carrier or broker.

5. Additional official requirements
   For certain product groups (e.g., food, cosmetics, medical devices, electronics, toys, textiles), additional testing, registrations, or approvals by authorities such as FDA, USDA, CPSC, FCC This may be necessary – including the associated costs and time expenditure.

Cross-border online trade with the US remains a key driver of global e-commerce growth. According to the US Department of Commerce and the US International Trade Commission, the value of imported small e-commerce shipments reached approximately [amount missing] in 2024. 230 billion USD, which is a growth of approximately 12% compared to 2023 This corresponds to the current figure. A further double-digit increase is expected for 2025 – driven by international marketplaces, DTC brands and rising demand in the B2C segment.

While the majority of shipments in recent years have been processed via simplified procedures (Section 321), the Abolition of the de minimis relief from 2025 This leads to a structural market shift: traders now have to go through regular customs procedures, which increases barriers to entry but also improves transparency and traceability.

Logistics infrastructure & customs corridors

The US has invested heavily in its international e-commerce infrastructure in recent years:

International fulfillment clusters:
– large, highly automated import hubs on the West Coast (Los Angeles, Long Beach, Oakland, Seattle)
– rapidly growing hubs on the East Coast (New York/New Jersey, Savannah, Miami)

“Express Entry Corridors” for e-commerce shipments:
Since 2023, special digital customs corridors have been expanded to enable faster processing, especially in conjunction with carriers such as UPS, FedEx, DHL and Amazon Logistics.

Kill Switch 2025: Section 321 repeal
With the abolition of the de minimis relief, a large part of the Section 321 structure has been scaled back. The focus is now on:
– fully digitized customs declarations,
– automated security checks (CBP, FDA, CPSC),
– stricter compliance requirements.

Delivery times within the USA typically vary depending on the carrier. 2–5 days, Express at 24-48 hours.

No pilot zones, but strong regional logistics clusters.

In the USA there are no state-defined cross-border pilot zonesInstead, a market-oriented, privately-sector-driven system exists:

Foreign Trade Zones (FTZs):
Companies can store goods duty-free and only pay customs duties when they are "put on the market".
Bonded Warehouses (Customs Warehouses):
This allows for delayed customs clearance or re-export – important for international e-commerce sellers.
3PL centers & FBA warehouses:
The USA has several hundred highly automated fulfillment centers that efficiently handle cross-border volumes.

These structures function like the Chinese pilot zones – only market-based instead of state-regulated.

Landed cost example for an e-commerce shipment to the USA (2025, after the abolition of de minimis)

Assumed:
– Transaction Value: 200 €
– Transport & insurance to the USA: 40 €
– Customs duty according to HTS: 8%
– MPF (Merchandise Processing Fee): 0,3464% (minimum approx. USD 30, example value USD 30 ≈ 28 €)
– HMF: not applicable to air freight

Calculation:

1. Customs value:
   €200 + €40 = 240 €

2. Inch:
   8% of €240 = 19,20 €

3. MPF (minimum fee assumed):
   28 €

4. Total cost:
   €200 (value of goods)

   • €40 (transport)

   • €19,20 (customs)

   • €28 (MPF)
     = 287,20 €

Since the US does not levy import VAT like the EU, there is no VAT-equivalent item. Sales tax is only collected domestically upon resale, not upon import.

And finally ...
The cost structure is transparent, but heavily dependent on:
– HTS classification,
– MPF minimum fees,
– Mode of transport,
– additional regulatory requirements (FDA, USDA, CPSC etc.).

The US does not levy sales tax on imports. Instead, the tax burden consists of customs duties, nationwide import taxes, and product-specific special taxes. Sales taxes, however, do not apply to imports and are only levied upon subsequent sale within the US.

1. Customs duties

The inch height depends on the HTS classification (Harmonized Tariff Schedule).
Typical customs duties vary depending on the product group, material and origin. 0% and 20%Higher tariffs may apply to certain product segments, such as:

– Textiles & Clothing
- Shoes
– Metal and aluminum products
– Electronic items
– Goods from countries with additional trade policy measures

In addition to the regular HTS fares, Special tariffs to be collected, including:

Section 301 Duties (trade policy measures)
Section 232 Duties (Tariffs on steel and aluminum)
Section 201 Safeguard Measures (e.g. for solar panels, household appliances)

These will zusätzlich charged at the regular rates.

2. Nationwide import duties

Even without a value added tax system, mandatory federal fees are levied during customs clearance:

Merchandise Processing Fee (MPF):
– applies to most formal imports
– 0,3464% of the dutiable value
– Minimum fee approx. USD 30, maximum fee approx. USD 575

Harbor Maintenance Fee (HMF):
– 0,125% of the freight value
– exclusively for sea freight

Additional fees may apply if the goods fall under the jurisdiction of individual authorities, e.g.:

FDAFood, beverages, dietary supplements, cosmetics
USDAPlants, wood, animal products
CPSCChildren's products, toys
FCCElectronics and radio equipment

These authorities sometimes charge additional testing and approval fees.

3. Sales tax (only upon sale, not upon import)

Sales taxes are not levied on imports.
They apply exclusively to sales to end customers within the USA and vary by state, county, and city.

Typical range: 0% to approximately 10%.

For calculating the landed costs, this means:
The import costs are clear, since no additional sales tax is incurred when crossing the border.

4. Product-related special taxes (Federal Excise Taxes)

Nationwide excise taxes may apply to certain goods, e.g. on:

– Fuels
- Alcohol
– Tobacco products
– Firearms
– certain vehicle classes

These taxes are clearly defined and apply only to selected product groups.

5. No special tax rules for cross-border e-commerce

The following rules apply to cross-border online trade in the USA: no special tax breaks.
The current framework:

– No more de minimis relief for small commercial consignments since 2025
– Every commercial shipment of goods is fully cleared through customs in the normal manner.
Customs duties and MPF (and possibly HMF) are always charged.
Platforms and marketplaces do not receive any special rates or tax exemptions.

This makes the import process more standardized, but also more demanding.

6. Private gift shipments

Gift shipments between private individuals are regulated separately, however:

– severely restricted
– clearly defined
– not transferable to merchandise

These regulations are therefore practically irrelevant for e-commerce.

7. Consequences for retailers

The following are particularly important for importers and international e-commerce providers:

1. Exact HTS classification, since they significantly determine the inch height

2. Documented valuation of the transaction value (Invoice, transport costs, delivery terms)

3. Taking all import duties into account:
   – HTS customs
   – MPF
   – HMF (for sea freight)
   – possible FDA/USDA/FCC/CPSC requirements

4. No sales-related taxes on imports, but sales tax obligations apply upon subsequent sale

5. Full customs clearance for every commercial shipment, regardless of the value of the goods

US import tariffs will be increased according to the Harmonized Tariff Schedule (HTS) The basis for calculating customs duties is the so-called Transaction Value – that is, the actual price paid or payable for the goods, including certain transport and insurance costs up to the US port of entry.

1. Standard Customs Rates (Normal Trade Relations – NTR / Column 1)

The majority of international trade with the USA falls under the standard tariff rates of the Column 1.
These tariffs apply to countries with normal trade relations with the US and form the basis for most imports. The rates vary depending on the product category and material composition.

2. Free Trade Agreements (FTA Rates)

The US has concluded numerous bilateral and regional trade agreements, including with:

– Canada & Mexico (USMCA)
- Australia
– South Korea
- Singapore
– Chile
- Israel

If goods the fulfill the rules of origin of an agreement, can:

reduced customs duties or
Complete duty-free

This can be used. For many retailers, this is one of the most important ways to reduce landing costs.

3. Column-2 tariffs

A few countries are in the US customs system. Column 2 assigned.
These apply significantly higher customs duties, which are politically determined.
However, the majority of global trading partners do not fall into this category.

4. Additional duties

In addition to the regular HTS fares, additional charges may apply. These include:

Section 301 Duties: Additional trade policy tariffs on certain product groups
Section 232 Duties: Tariffs on steel and aluminum
Section 201 Safeguard Measures: Protective measures for certain products (e.g. solar panels, washing machines)

These additional charges can significantly increase the overall costs and must be taken into account in every calculation.

5. Tariff quotas (Tariff Rate Quotas – TRQ)

Customs quotas exist for selected product groups. TRQs are particularly important for:

– steel
– certain agricultural products
- Sugar
– individual textile and yarn categories

Within the quotas, reduced customs duties apply; outside, significantly higher tariffs sometimes apply.

6. Temporary customs suspensions (Duty Suspensions / MTB)

The US Congress can use so-called Miscellaneous Tariff Bills (MTB) Decide on temporary tariff reductions or exemptions.
These measures mostly affect raw materials, semi-finished goods or industrial components and expire after fixed deadlines.

7. Average customs duty

Regular US tariffs are moderate by international standards. Typical ranges:

2-6% for many consumer goods
about 20% in certain product categories such as textiles, shoes, bags
significantly higher total rates possible if additional duties (Section 301/232) apply

8. No more simplified e-commerce customs exemptions

Since 2025 there is no de minimis relief more for small commercial shipments.
This means:

– Every commercial shipment is subject to regular customs clearance.
Customs duties + MPF (Merchandise Processing Fee) and, if applicable, HMF (Harbor Maintenance Fee) are always charged.
– There is no simplified procedure and no duty-free value limits for commercial goods.

The US has an extensive network of bilateral and regional free trade agreements (FTAs)These agreements simplify international trade and significantly reduce or eliminate tariffs for many products. They are a key factor in calculating landed costs, as they directly impact the level of import duties.

Scope of the US FTA network

Currently, the USA 14 comprehensive free trade agreements completed about 20 countries cover. Key partners include:

Canada & Mexico (USMCA – the successor agreement to NAFTA)
Australia
South Korea
Singapore
Chile
Peru
Israel
Jordan
Colombia
Panama
Morocco
Bahrain
Oman

Further talks on modernization or possible new trade agreements are being held in various regions, but at a significantly slower pace than in previous decades.

Advantages for importers

Companies that import goods from an FTA partner country and the corresponding Rules of Origin can be fulfilled by:

reduced customs tariffs to
complete duty-free access

benefit.

This is particularly relevant in the case of:

– Machines & technical components
- Electronic
– Textiles (depending on origin criteria)
– Industrial and intermediate products
– Agricultural goods (depending on the respective agreement)

Since many US FTAs ​​require clear proof of origin, correct documentation is crucial (e.g., manufacturer certification, supply chain, declaration of origin).

No preferential tariffs without an FTA

For countries without free trade agreements, the following apply: regular HTS customs rates, including any additional duties (e.g. Section 301 or Section 232 tariffs).
A customs reduction is only possible if:

– the goods actually meet the rules of origin of an existing US FTA,
– the importer asserts a formally correct preferential claim,
– and all evidence can be presented during a CBP inspection.

Recommendation for retailers

It is always worthwhile to take a look at the preference lists and rules of origin of the respective FTAs. This is especially important for high-value goods. Multi-digit savings per shipment .
For e-commerce and B2B retailers, the use of US free trade agreements is one of the most effective ways to reduce landed costs and strengthen competitiveness in the US market.

US Customs and Border Protection (CBP)

CBP is the central authority for import controls and customs clearance.
She is responsible for:
– Inspection of goods, documents and HTS codes
– Collection of customs duties and import fees
– Enforcement of commercial laws, security and compliance requirements
– Electronic import declarations (ACE – Automated Commercial Environment)

Official information, guidelines and customs tariffs are available via CBP and the Harmonized Tariff Schedule (HTS) .

US Postal Service (USPS) & Private Carriers (UPS, FedEx, DHL)

USPS and the major express delivery services handle a significant portion of the e-commerce shipping volume.
All carriers are required to electronically transmit shipment data to CBP, including:
– Shipping and recipient data
– Product description
– Value and HS code
– Security and screening information

The daily parcel volume in the USA averages several hundred million shipments per day – distributed between domestic and international volumes.

US Department of Commerce (DOC)

The Department of Commerce publishes:
– Guidelines on foreign trade
– Statistics on import/export volume
– Market and industry analyses
– Rules relating to trade agreements

For retailers, the DOC is an important reference point for market information and product classifications.

US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

The FDA monitors products that may have health effects, including:
– Foods and dietary supplements
– Cosmetics
– Medical devices
– Medications
– certain electronic devices with radiation components

Some of these types of goods require registration, certificates, prior notice, or special approvals.

US Department of Agriculture (USDA)

Responsible for:
– Plants, wood, seeds
– animal products
– Agricultural products

Many of these products require inspections or permits for import.

Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC)

Responsible for:
– Children's products
– Toys
– Products with safety risks

For certain items, test reports, safety certificates or tracking labels must be submitted.

Customs formalities in the USA

Commercial Invoice

Each import shipment requires a full invoice with the following information:

– detailed product description
– Country of origin
– HS code
– Transaction Value
– Quantity and weight
– Delivery terms (Incoterms)
– complete sender and recipient details

The commercial invoice is the central document for customs valuation.

Packing list

Required for:
– Multi-carton shipments
– Pallets and freight shipments
– Goods with complex packaging

It serves to control quantities, weights and packaging units.

Certificates & Product Safety Certificates

Depending on the product, additional documents may be required:

FDA approvals (food, cosmetics, medical devices)
– CPSC Children's Product Certificate (CPC) for children's products
– FCC compliance for electronic devices
– USDA permits for agricultural products

Missing documents will lead to delay, seizure, or rejection of the goods.

Electronic Customs Declaration (ACE Filing)

All commercial import shipments must be registered electronically via the Automated Commercial Environment (ACE) be registered.
This includes:

– electronic transmission of goods and invoice data
– HTS classification
– Information on transport, dispatcher and importer
– Security data (ISF for sea freight)
– possibly advance notifications for FDA/USDA/CPSC

Only complete data submissions allow for correct and timely customs clearance.

Shipping to the USA is subject to clear, nationwide, and uniform customs clearance requirements. Depending on the type of goods, their value, and the relevant regulatory authority, additional documentation may be required. Thorough documentation is crucial for swift clearance by US Customs and Border Protection (CBP).

1. Essential shipping documents

Air Waybill (AWB) or shipping label
Each shipment requires a unique shipping document containing:
– Sender and recipient data
– Package weight and dimensions
– Tracking number
– Carrier information

Commercial Invoice
The most important document for importation. It must contain:
– detailed product description (in English)
– HS code
– Transaction Value
– Quantity and weight
– Country of Origin
– Incoterms
– complete sender and recipient details

Packing List
Required in the case of:
– Multi-carton shipments
– Pallets
– complexly packaged goods

It helps CBP control quantities and packaging units.

2. Proof of payment and identification

For commercial shipments Usually, the following is sufficient:
– the Commercial Invoice
– possibly order or payment references

For goods sent privately Additional evidence may be required, especially if:
– the declared value is unclear
– the payment was not demonstrably documented
– the goods are declared as a gift

In such cases, CBP may request supporting documents (e.g., purchase receipts, payment confirmations).

3. Supplementary documents for regulated products

Certain product categories are subject to special US regulations. Depending on the product, the following may be required:

FDA
– Registration of the manufacturer or importer
– Prior Notice for Food
– Submission of ingredient lists (e.g. cosmetics)
– Device or product explanations for medical articles

USDA
– Permits or inspection documents for plants, wood products, animal products

CPSC
– Children's Product Certificate (CPC) for toys or children's products
– Security inspection reports and tracking labels

FCC
– Declarations of conformity for electronic devices and radio technology

Other possible documents
Safety Data Sheets (SDS)
– Import licenses
– Insurance documents
– Proof of origin (e.g. for goods from FTA countries)

These requirements apply particularly to high-priced, security-relevant, or regulated goods.

4. Electronic Import Declaration (ACE Filing)

All commercial import shipments must be registered electronically via the Automated Commercial Environment (ACE) be registered.
The registration includes:

– Invoice and merchandise data
– HTS classification
– Transport details
– Importer and sender data
– possibly advance notifications to FDA/USDA/CPSC
– for sea freight: Importer Security Filing (ISF)

Incorrect or late data can cause delays, additional costs, or fines.

5. Customs broker and carrier support

Many companies use a Licensed Customs Broker, the:

– the electronic customs declaration takes over
– checks documents
– coordinates regulatory requirements (FDA, USDA, CPSC, etc.)
– Answers inquiries from CBP

UPS, FedEx, DHL and USPS also offer their own brokerage services, which are particularly useful for e-commerce shipments.

6. Importance of complete documentation

Complete and accurate documentation:

– accelerates the release
– reduces inquiries from CBP
– prevents unnecessary storage and delay costs
– reduces the risk of punitive tariffs or fines

For retailers, the precise preparation of the documents one of the most important success factors for a smooth import into the USA.

Express vs. Formal Processing

In the USA, US Customs and Border Protection (CBP) does not distinguish between fixed "categories" like in some other countries, but in practice different situations arise. Processing routesThe classification depends on the type of goods being imported, their value, and the applicable regulatory requirements. It is primarily based on the scope of documentation, the type of goods, and compliance obligations.

1. Document shipments (Documents)

This includes purely utilitarian documents, contracts, printed materials or documents without commercial value.
Features:
– quick release
– no customs duties or import fees
– simple documentation (Air Waybill + description “Documents”)
– no commercial invoice required

These shipments usually undergo an accelerated processing procedure.

2. Private Shipments & Gifts

This includes personal items, non-commercial gifts, or private returns.

Features:
– simplified documentation
– Purchase receipts or proof of value may be requested
Gift shipments must be clearly declared as "gifts".
– strict value and quantity limits for genuine private packages
– not permitted for commercial deliveries

Shipments incorrectly declared as private will result in delays or recalculation of duties.

3. Low-value merchandise & samples

Examples: product samples, promotional items, prototypes, low-value merchandise.

Features:
– detailed description required
– Billing details are mandatory
– The value must be plausibly documented.
Additional duties (Section 301/232 etc.) may still apply.
– Compliance checks by FDA, CPSC or FCC depending on the product

Even at low values, CBP must carry out all safety-relevant tests.

4. Regulated, security-relevant, or high-priced goods

These shipments must be complete formal customs declaration run through.

This includes, among other things:
Cosmetics, dietary supplements, food (FDA)
– Toys, children's products (CPSC)
– Electronics & Radio Equipment (FCC)
– Medical devices
– Lithium batteries
– high-value goods above certain value thresholds
– Products with special origin or certification requirements

Required evidence may include:
– Test reports
– Safety certificates (e.g. CPC for children's products)
– FCC approvals
– FDA registrations or Prior Notice
– Import licenses
– Commercial invoice + packing list
– Original documents
– Insurance documents

These shipments are regularly subject to more thorough inspection and longer processing times.

US Customs and Border Protection (CBP) has been working for years to further digitize import processes. This allows for very fast clearance, especially for properly documented shipments. However, actual processing times still depend heavily on the type of shipment, the quality of the documents, and any inspection requirements.

1. Typical processing times

Courier and express shipments (FedEx, UPS, DHL)

– are frequently within a few hours Released after electronic pre-notification
– often with clear documentation on the same day processed
– Additional checks delay the process

Formal customs declarations (Commercial Entry)

– Processing time usually 24-72 hours, depending on:
– complete documentation
– Product category (e.g. FDA, USDA, CPSC)
– Need for physical or electronic testing
– Follow-up questions from the CBP

More complex products (food, electronics, medical devices) may require additional time if regulatory approvals are needed.

2. Reasons for delays

CBP delays release particularly in the case of:

– incomplete information in the commercial invoice
– unclear or faulty HS codes
– missing safety certifications (e.g. for batteries or children's toys)
– lack of FDA/USDA/CPSC approval
– inconsistent valuations
– missing original documents
– manual random sample checks

Each additional request extends the processing time and may incur storage costs for the carrier.

3. Fees related to delays

The USA knows no daily penalty fee per value, as some countries levy. However, this results in costs for shippers or importers due to:

Storage Fees (Storage fees)
Demurrage / Detention Fees (for sea freight & terminals)
Accelerated inspection fees (if additional tests or samples are required)
Brokerage Fees (when brokers have to take action again due to missing documents)
Carrier fees for documentation errors

These costs can quickly add up if documents are submitted late or incorrectly.

4. Best practices for avoiding additional costs

– Thoroughly check the commercial invoice before dispatch
– complete and unambiguous product description in English
– correct HTS classification
– clear indication of value, origin and quantity
– Timely provision of all regulatory required documents
– Answer inquiries from the carrier or broker immediately.

Thorough preparation is the most important factor for a quick, smooth release.

The US has an extensive network of bilateral and regional free trade agreements (FTAs)These agreements simplify international trade and significantly reduce or eliminate tariffs for many products. They are a key factor in calculating landed costs, as they directly impact the level of import duties.

Scope of the US FTA network

Currently, the USA 14 comprehensive free trade agreements completed about 20 countries cover. Key partners include:

Canada & Mexico (USMCA – the successor agreement to NAFTA)
Australia
South Korea
Singapore
Chile
Peru
Israel
Jordan
Colombia
Panama
Morocco
Bahrain
Oman

Further talks on modernization or possible new trade agreements are being held in various regions, but at a significantly slower pace than in previous decades.

Advantages for importers

Companies that import goods from an FTA partner country and the corresponding Rules of Origin can be fulfilled by:

reduced customs tariffs to
complete duty-free access

benefit.

This is particularly relevant in the case of:

– Machines & technical components
- Electronic
– Textiles (depending on origin criteria)
– Industrial and intermediate products
– Agricultural goods (depending on the respective agreement)

Since many US FTAs ​​require clear proof of origin, correct documentation is crucial (e.g., manufacturer certification, supply chain, declaration of origin).

No preferential tariffs without an FTA

For countries without free trade agreements, the following apply: regular HTS customs rates, including any additional duties (e.g. Section 301 or Section 232 tariffs).
A customs reduction is only possible if:

– the goods actually meet the rules of origin of an existing US FTA,
– the importer asserts a formally correct preferential claim,
– and all evidence can be presented during a CBP inspection.

Recommendation for retailers

It is always worthwhile to take a look at the preference lists and rules of origin of the respective FTAs. This is especially important for high-value goods. Multi-digit savings per shipment .
For e-commerce and B2B retailers, the use of US free trade agreements is one of the most effective ways to reduce landed costs and strengthen competitiveness in the US market.

The US market has a decentralized but clearly structured regulatory environment. Foreign merchants selling goods in the US must comply with various federal and state requirements. Violations of these regulations can lead to the suspension of marketplace accounts, import bans, or financial penalties.

1. Registration requirements & legal principles in e-commerce

In the USA there exists no central e-commerce law, which all retailers are required to register with. Instead, the following apply:

federal business registrations (depending on the business model)
tax registrations (Sales-Tax-Nexus)
Product, safety and compliance requirements the respective authorities
Marketplace Guidelines (Amazon, eBay, Walmart, Etsy, Shopify)

Foreign traders often need:

– a tax registration in the USA (Sales Tax ID), if they trigger a “nexus”.
– a US address or a US agent for certain product groups (e.g. FDA-registration-required goods)
– a trademark registration (USPTO) if you want to protect a trademark or sell it via marketplaces
– Company verification and certificates of authenticity for marketplaces

Marketplaces can suspend shops without notice if evidence is missing or compliance rules are violated.

2. Customs procedures & import classification

The USA uses No special codes for e-commerce shipments like some Asian markets.
Instead, a uniform system applies:

– every commercial shipment must be processed via the regular customs declaration (ACE).
– E-commerce shipments have no tax advantages or special rates
– After the abolition of the de minimis exemption (2025), all commercial shipments will be subject to regular customs clearance.

The correct specification of HTS codes, origin, value and product description is crucial.

3. Product conformity & market access

Strict approval and safety requirements apply to certain product groups:

Electronics & Radio Equipment:
– FCC compliance (communication & frequencies)
– possibly UL safety tests (voluntary, but often market-relevant)

Food, beverages, cosmetics, dietary supplements:
– FDA registration
– Prior Notice (for food products)
– Ingredient and safety documentation
– Labeling according to US specifications

Toys, children's products:
– CPSC compliance
– mandatory audit reports
– Tracking Labels

Medical devices:
– FDA approval or classification
– special registration requirements for manufacturers and importers

Non-compliant products will be rejected at customs or destroyed.

4. Trade agreements & tariffs

The USA is a member of the WTO and has several bilateral free trade agreements (FTAs).
Advantages for importers:

– reduced or duty-free tariffs for goods from FTA partner countries
– Applicability only where rules of origin are demonstrably met
– Potential for significant savings in industrial and consumer goods

For all other countries, the regular classification according to the Harmonized Tariff Schedule (HTS) applies, including possible additional duties (e.g. Section 301, Section 232).

5. Duty Drawback

The USA offers a structured process for Customs refund on, when goods:

– be re-exported
– further processed and then executed
– are not accepted by the recipient and are returned

The program is called Duty Drawback.

Requirements:

– complete documentation of import, export and goods movement
– clear allocation between imported and exported goods
– Timely application (up to 5 years possible, depending on the case)

Many companies use specialized brokers to correctly submit drawback claims.

Shipping to the USA is subject to clear, nationwide, and uniform customs clearance requirements. Depending on the type of goods, their value, and the relevant regulatory authority, additional documentation may be required. Thorough documentation is crucial for swift clearance by US Customs and Border Protection (CBP).

1. Essential shipping documents

Air Waybill (AWB) or shipping label
Each shipment requires a unique shipping document containing:
– Sender and recipient data
– Package weight and dimensions
– Tracking number
– Carrier information

Commercial Invoice
The most important document for importation. It must contain:
– detailed product description (in English)
– HS code
– Transaction Value
– Quantity and weight
– Country of Origin
– Incoterms
– complete sender and recipient details

Packing List
Required in the case of:
– Multi-carton shipments
– Pallets
– complexly packaged goods

It helps CBP control quantities and packaging units.

2. Proof of payment and identification

For commercial shipments Usually, the following is sufficient:
– the Commercial Invoice
– possibly order or payment references

For goods sent privately Additional evidence may be required, especially if:
– the declared value is unclear
– the payment was not demonstrably documented
– the goods are declared as a gift

In such cases, CBP may request supporting documents (e.g., purchase receipts, payment confirmations).

3. Supplementary documents for regulated products

Certain product categories are subject to special US regulations. Depending on the product, the following may be required:

FDA
– Registration of the manufacturer or importer
– Prior Notice for Food
– Submission of ingredient lists (e.g. cosmetics)
– Device or product explanations for medical articles

USDA
– Permits or inspection documents for plants, wood products, animal products

CPSC
– Children's Product Certificate (CPC) for toys or children's products
– Security inspection reports and tracking labels

FCC
– Declarations of conformity for electronic devices and radio technology

Other possible documents
Safety Data Sheets (SDS)
– Import licenses
– Insurance documents
– Proof of origin (e.g. for goods from FTA countries)

These requirements apply particularly to high-priced, security-relevant, or regulated goods.

4. Electronic Import Declaration (ACE Filing)

All commercial import shipments must be registered electronically via the Automated Commercial Environment (ACE) be registered.
The registration includes:

– Invoice and merchandise data
– HTS classification
– Transport details
– Importer and sender data
– possibly advance notifications to FDA/USDA/CPSC
– for sea freight: Importer Security Filing (ISF)

Incorrect or late data can cause delays, additional costs, or fines.

5. Customs broker and carrier support

Many companies use a Licensed Customs Broker, the:

– the electronic customs declaration takes over
– checks documents
– coordinates regulatory requirements (FDA, USDA, CPSC, etc.)
– Answers inquiries from CBP

UPS, FedEx, DHL and USPS also offer their own brokerage services, which are particularly useful for e-commerce shipments.

6. Importance of complete documentation

Complete and accurate documentation:

– accelerates the release
– reduces inquiries from CBP
– prevents unnecessary storage and delay costs
– reduces the risk of punitive tariffs or fines

For retailers, the precise preparation of the documents one of the most important success factors for a smooth import into the USA.

The USA boasts one of the most efficient logistics and courier networks worldwide. The country is characterized by a mix of public and private service providers that transport hundreds of millions of packages every day. For international retailers, the choice of shipping model is crucial for costs, delivery times, and customs clearance.

1. Delivery network & speed

The USA offers a highly developed and extensive delivery network:

Typical delivery times (domestic):
– Standard shipping: 2–5 working days
– Expedited / Priority: 1–3 working days
– Overnight / Express: within 24 hours

Metropolitan areas such as Los Angeles, Chicago, New York, Dallas or Atlanta They are served particularly quickly. Rural areas may experience slightly longer delivery times, but benefit from the comprehensive networks of the major carriers.

Market-leading courier services:
– USPS (United States Postal Service)
- UPS
– FedEx
– DHL Express (international)
– Amazon Logistics (rapidly growing, especially in e-commerce)

Large carriers operate modern sorting centers, air freight fleets, and automated routing systems that can handle high shipment volumes.

2. Shipping models in a cross-border environment

Direct Shipping

International retailers send individual orders directly from abroad to the US customer.
Advantages: No warehousing in the USA, low fixed costs
Disadvantages: Longer delivery times, more complex customs clearance, higher shipping costs

Fulfillment in the USA (e.g. 3PL, FBA)

Goods are imported into the USA in a consolidated shipment, cleared through customs, and then stored in a local warehouse.
Advantages:
– very short delivery times (1–3 days)
– lower shipping costs per order
– simple returns processing
– higher customer satisfaction
Disadvantages:
– Storage fees
– Pre-financing of inventory
– possible compliance requirements (FDA, CPSC, USDA)

Bulk Shipping

Multiple orders are combined into one freight load and imported together.
Advantages:
– significantly lower transport costs per unit
– more efficient customs clearance
– better planned supply chains
Disadvantages: longer lead times

3. Shipping providers & typical shipping costs (as of 2025)

International Carriers

Typical shipping prices from Europe to the USA (examples for 1 kg / 2 lbs):

Prices vary greatly depending on the country, carrier contract, volume, surcharges and seasonal demand.

Air & Sea Freight

Air freight:
– 2–7 days
– approx. 4–7 USD per kg for shipments > 100 kg

Sea freight:
– 20–35 days
– LCL (Less than Container Load): 60-120 USD per cubic meter
– 20-foot container: $1.800–$3.000 (depending on route & season)

4. Additional carrier fees

In addition to the base postage, carriers charge numerous surcharges. Typical examples:

– Fuel surcharge
– Remote Area Surcharge (regions subject to surcharges)
– Customs documentation fees
Proof of delivery / signature required
– Return shipping fees
– Peak-season additional costs

These additional costs should definitely be factored into the pricing and shipping strategy.

5. Payment transactions & customer requirements in e-commerce

The US is a credit card-driven market. Important payment methods:

– Visa, Mastercard, American Express
- PayPal
– Apple Pay, Google Pay
– Buy-Now-Pay-Later (Klarna, Affirm, Afterpay)

More than 80% of all online payments are processed via credit cards or digital wallets. Smartphone-based purchases are growing, but do not dominate as strongly as in Asia.

Customers in the USA place particular emphasis on:

- fast delivery
– transparent pricing
– reliable tracking information
– simple returns processes

6. Compliance in shipping to the USA

Electronic advance notification

Carriers must electronically submit all shipment data to CBP, including:

– Product description
- Value
– HS code
– Recipient and sender data
– Security data (e.g., for air freight)

Incomplete information will lead to delays or additional fees.

Regulatory requirements

Depending on the product, specific regulatory requirements may apply (FDA, USDA, CPSC, FCC).
Missing documents can lead to the withholding, confiscation, or destruction of the goods.

The US has a clearly defined set of rules for goods that are either completely forbidden or only under strict conditions They may not be imported. Violations regularly result in seizures, delays, or fines by US Customs and Border Protection (CBP).

1. Prohibited Goods

The following product groups are generally permitted not imported into the USA

– Weapons, ammunition and explosives without special federal authorization
– Counterfeits, unauthorized replica products, brand piracy
– Drugs and controlled substances
– Child pornography and illegal media possession
– Products that violate sanctions or embargoes
– certain dangerous chemicals and toxic substances
– Plants, animals or products that pose a significant risk of disease, pests or environmental harm
– certain foods of animal origin not approved by the USDA

These categories are subject to change; CBP updates the list regularly.

2. Restricted Goods

Some product categories may only be used under certain conditions. Conditions, documentation requirements or permits be imported. This includes:

Food, beverages and dietary supplements

Responsible: FDA / USDA
Depending on the product, the following are required:
– Registrations (e.g. for food businesses)
– Prior Notice before dispatch
– Laboratory test reports or certificates
– Labeling requirements (Ingredient Facts, Nutritional Information)

pharmaceuticals, medical devices, cosmetic products

Responsible: FDA
Depending on the product category:
– Product registration or approval
– Ingredient and safety documentation
– special labelling requirements

Unapproved medical devices or cosmetics are often rejected outright.

Electronic devices & lithium batteries

Responsible: FCC / FAA / DOT
Requirements:
– FCC compliance (radio and communication equipment)
– UN 38.3 for lithium batteries
– special packaging regulations for dangerous goods
– Transport approvals for larger watt-hours

Cultural assets & antiques

Responsible: CBP / Department of the Interior
The following apply to certain works of art, antiques, or historical artifacts:
– Proof of provenance
– Export certificates from the country of origin
– Import restrictions from countries with cultural property protection measures

Plants, seeds, wood & agricultural products

Responsible: USDA / APHIS
The following may be required:
– Phytosanitary certificates
– Inspections
– Approvals for certain varieties and species
– Quarantine requirements

Untested plant materials must not be imported.

Chemicals and hazardous substances

Responsible: EPA / DOT
The following applies to dangerous goods:
– Permits
– special dangerous goods classification
– Labeling according to HAZMAT rules
Safety Data Sheets (SDS)

3. Special provisions for certain goods

Some products may only be used in limited quantities or introduced under additional requirements:

Alcohol, Tobacco & Perfume

– Quantity limits for private shipments
Original packaging required
– Import permit for large quantities
– Age verification upon delivery

Gift shipments

– must be clearly declared as a gift
– for private use only
– Value limits and quantity restrictions
– not intended for serial retail deliveries

Used goods & electronics

The import of used goods is sometimes heavily regulated, especially in the case of:
– Electrical appliances (FCC, EPA rules)
– medical devices
– vehicle parts
– Machine tools

A prior approval or additional testing is often required.

4. Compliance & practical advice for shippers

– Check before shipping whether the goods subject to approval or limited at a hunt.
– Prepare the correct documents (invoice, HS code, origin information, certificates).
– Check carrier lists: UPS, FedEx, DHL and USPS publish constantly updated restrictions.
Incomplete or incorrect information almost always leads to delays, penalties, or returns.

The US has an extensive network of bilateral and regional free trade agreements (FTAs)These agreements simplify international trade and significantly reduce or eliminate tariffs for many products. They are a key factor in calculating landed costs, as they directly impact the level of import duties.

Scope of the US FTA network

Currently, the USA 14 comprehensive free trade agreements completed about 20 countries cover. Key partners include:

Canada & Mexico (USMCA – the successor agreement to NAFTA)
Australia
South Korea
Singapore
Chile
Peru
Israel
Jordan
Colombia
Panama
Morocco
Bahrain
Oman

Further talks on modernization or possible new trade agreements are being held in various regions, but at a significantly slower pace than in previous decades.

Advantages for importers

Companies that import goods from an FTA partner country and the corresponding Rules of Origin can be fulfilled by:

reduced customs tariffs to
complete duty-free access

benefit.

This is particularly relevant in the case of:

– Machines & technical components
- Electronic
– Textiles (depending on origin criteria)
– Industrial and intermediate products
– Agricultural goods (depending on the respective agreement)

Since many US FTAs ​​require clear proof of origin, correct documentation is crucial (e.g., manufacturer certification, supply chain, declaration of origin).

No preferential tariffs without an FTA

For countries without free trade agreements, the following apply: regular HTS customs rates, including any additional duties (e.g. Section 301 or Section 232 tariffs).
A customs reduction is only possible if:

– the goods actually meet the rules of origin of an existing US FTA,
– the importer asserts a formally correct preferential claim,
– and all evidence can be presented during a CBP inspection.

Recommendation for retailers

It is always worthwhile to take a look at the preference lists and rules of origin of the respective FTAs. This is especially important for high-value goods. Multi-digit savings per shipment .
For e-commerce and B2B retailers, the use of US free trade agreements is one of the most effective ways to reduce landed costs and strengthen competitiveness in the US market.